What We Learn Nature or Nurture - 1150 Words

Biology, or heritability, seems to affect intelligence by about 75 percent. While experience, learning, and environment seems to amount to about 25 percent of intelligence. Though in adulthood heritability can account for more than 80 percent of intelligence. Unfortunately, it is hard to fully determine the full effect of heritability because it is a statistic of a group as a whole and not an individual. If a person had more time dedicated to their experience, learning, and an environment of greater quality the outcome would be significantly different. An Example of this how students in Japan are subject to school for nine to 12 hours a day six days a week, and the budget for their education system is immensely larger than that of the†¦show more content†¦While acting as this second eye view, thats like a mirror of the persons own cognitions, the therapist uses genuineness by throughly hearing what the person is saying and genuinely applies what the therapist perceives towa rds the persons self-fulfillment, otherwise giving insight in a self confident way. Through this the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, freeing the person of conditions of worth—the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others—by creating a fuzzy—loving environment in which the therapist never undermines the client as a person, and utilizes empathy to become the parent that the person never had, as demonstrated in the Carl Rodgers and Gloria movie. This must be done because the humanistic theory believes that parents needed to utilize unconditional positive regard so the child can avoid difficulties associated with conditions of worth; so the therapist becomes the parent or guardian the person always wanted helping them find their identity. This is call client-centered therapy. The Rogerian therapy focuses on the conscious mind and self-actualization as the most healing process. The Humanistic or Rogerian approach to personality says that personality develops from a persons intuitive, organismic motives to prosper and self-actualization. These nourishing predispositions can be subverted by social pressure. Furthermore,Show MoreRelatedIs Nature Or Nurture?1439 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen debating which issue, nature or nurture, has a bigger impact on an individual’s life. Both of these arguments touch on important points which makes for an interesting but yet difficult topic when choosing what shapes personality. Nature is each human’s individual genetic makeup, which is influenced by genetics and biological factors. Nurture is the influence of outside factors based on each person’s experiences. Until we understand more about both nature and nurture and their impact on humanRead MoreLanguage Acquisition : Study Of How Humans Acquire A Set Of Semantic, Syntactic And Phonological Categories Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesother species do communicate with an innate ability to produce a limited number of meaningful words, but there is no other species that can express sentences with speech sounds and words. This ability is truly remarkable in itself. (Lemetyinen, H) What makes it even more remarkable is that researchers are finding evidence of this complex skill in increasingly younger children. Infants as young as 12 months are reported to have understanding to the grammar needed to recognize relevant sentences. AfterRead MoreThe Influential Difference Between Environment And Heredity1610 Words   |  7 Pagesand these traits made us who we are. But that’s not the whole story about it. We are not just similar because we have the same traits, but we are also uniquely different from our environment and heredity causes, or maybe our freewill and other unknown factors. Our personalities are so unique that we are the only person in this whole universe. No one else is the same, and even identical twins are differe nt. We are us, and only us. So how does that work out? Why are we so different? What’s the influentialRead MoreA Research Study On Identical Twins1723 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing to turn out to be similar in their social interactions because of their genetic make-up. People who look a certain way will often face the same struggles in life and learn from the same experiences and in that way turn out to be similar. If both twins are overweight, they will face fat shaming and bullying, they will learn how to not listen to rude people or they will not be able to take it and cry and become sad and unhappy with their lives. If the twins are black, they will probably face differentRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: a Biblical Perspective1531 Words   |  7 PagesRUNNING TITLE: Nature vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective Ouida Lynne Heath Psychology 101, Module 5 Professor Roberts December 17, 2009 Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective The Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists haveRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has been controversial to psychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is stillRead MoreThe Debate Between Nature Vs Nurture1697 Words   |  7 PagesWhat determines who you are or what you will become? The debate between nature versus nurture is trying to figure this out. According to â€Å"Essentials of Psychology†, Jeffrey S. Nevid (2012) Nature versus nurture is the debate about how genetics and nature determine our behavior. In other words, have your attitude, behavior and health problems developed because of how you were raised or who you came from. It is a debate that has stumped psychologists for centuries. The study of twins, both identicalRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists have performed unethical and immoral studies to determine why two people with similar genetic composition can come from similar backgrounds and turn out so differently. I have witnessed a person raised in a poor home by parents with drug addictions become a thriving contributable member of societyRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pagesa person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. Throughout this paper the effects of environmental and genetics factors on a person will be discussed, and one will learn how they aid inRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Parents or Environment Essay example571 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand, thus making the topic of nature vs. nurture extremely controversial. The debates always show that nature and nurture contrast but then there may be evidence that suggest that the two are linked and a person is actually an enigma characterized by the mixture of predisposed genetics and enviro nmental influences. The idea that nature and nurture are joined is great to oppose nativists, people on the nature side, and empiricists, people sided with nurture. As mentioned before, the topic is

Effect Of Society Over Gender And Sexual Identity Essay

Effect of Society over Gender and Sexual Identity When Alex was born, his parents were delighted to add another boy to their family. As their baby boy began to grow and develop, they noticed that Alex began to express himself in a manner that they viewed as more feminine than masculine. He gravitated toward dolls and other toys that the culture often associates with girls. Concerned with the social ramifications associated with their child trying to be transgendered, they made the decision to not let Alex live as a girl. They came to this decision after foreseeing the criticism he would endure from his peers and other members of society. For example, children in the American culture who do not act according to the culture’s gender role may undergo name-calling. Children in Hispanic cultures may actually suffer physical violence if their conduct does not match the culture’s gender roles. Thus, when it comes to gender social influences have more control over a person choice of identity. Parents and culture are two of the most influential environmental factors shaping gender and sexual identity, children learn at young age that there are distinct expectations for boys and girls. As a person grow, they learn how to behave from those around them. One way children learn gender roles is through their parents. In many cultures, the masculine role is associated with strength, aggression, and dominance while the feminine role is associated with passivity, nurturing, andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Gender Dysphoria Caused by Gender Identity776 Words   |  4 Pages Gender Dysphoria caused by Gender Identity Introduction Gender as defined by society as a division between biological sex and the roles you must take on in society. In reality gender is a true spectrum that does not follow a simple linear pattern. There are three major aspects that make a person who they are inside. These aspects are Sex, Gender and Gender Identity. Gender Identity Gender identity is basically the concept that gender is not easily divided into two classic genders as isRead MoreGender Identity1270 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity Introduction This paper will discuss issues dealing with the roles of biological factors, (nature), and environmental influences, (nurture), on sexual differentiation and gender identity. The author, Troy Stutsman, will evaluate and give a determination as to which has the greater influence on gender identity: nature or nurture. Also discussed will be the current arguments about sexual identity and how evidence from biopsychology which may help to resolve the argument. What isRead MoreThe Effects of Hormones and Behavior on Gender Identity1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of hormones and behavior on gender identity PSY 340 February 14, 2010 The effects of hormones and behavior on gender identity The formation of gender identity is not completely understood as it is much more complex than just getting a sperm and egg cell to join; an XX or an XY genotype is only the first part in gender identity. There are many biological, psychological and sociological factors involved. The biological includes chromosomes, gonads, prenatal hormones, internal accessoryRead MorePersonal Response on Sexuality Identity1418 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Response on Sexuality Identity Lillian M. Floyd PSY/265 Lauren Lappe February 16.2014 A person’s sexual identity may seem like something obvious, something that should be an essential characteristic of our lives. However as we have found, these things are not always so simple, often finding that our sexual identity, is ever changing most of our lives. I have given my own identity some thought and I find for me it wasn’t easy. In this essayRead MoreSexual Assault And Its Effects On The Middle Upper Class Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction I argue that current research on sexual assault focuses disproportionately on the experiences of White, middle-upper class, heterosexual survivors. Due to this focus on White, college aged, female experiences of sexual assault, survivors who identify with minority groups such as the LGBTQ+ community, racial/ethnic minorities, and with the lower class do not have the support services needed to help them recover from sexual assault. Understanding how minority persons needs differ can helpRead MoreSex And Disability : An Open Minded Perspective From Individuals1313 Words   |  6 PagesRarely, do we find in society, the overlapping topic of sex and disability being discussed. In fact, it is hardly ever addressed because there is an underlying notion which seems to discourage such an open minded perspective from individuals. In fact, the topic of sexual intercourse itself is seemingly discouraged. However, why is that the case? Our society has been conformed to hold such restricted soci etal values; such that in a way, the desire for sex is shunned upon and confronted with negativityRead MoreGender Identity and Social Construction868 Words   |  4 PagesGender Identity and Social Construction Gender identity is a highly controversial subject. The notion that ones gender is a significant determination of personality traits, behavioral characteristics, social tendencies, romantic engagements and self-perception is a critical one. However, it is also subject to debate because of the imperatives created by the social construct of gender. This often clashes with what are, in reality, more nuanced and individualized connections to gender. This is particularlyRead MoreThe Work Of Andy Bennett1398 Words   |  6 Pagestheories of identity and how they in form our understanding of fashion. Fashion can be defined as a constant changing trend. Fashion has a deeper influence in people’s lives. Now days fashion show parts of individual’s identities, which shows who they are as people. The first idea will be discussing Bennett’s statement â€Å"Fashion provides one if the most ready means through which individual can make expressive visual statements about their identities† (2005: 96) explaining the social identity of peopleRead MoreThe Acceptance Of Transgender Service Members1652 Words   |  7 Pagesthere have been many changes that have influenced sexual tolerance. Sexual tolerance is defined as â€Å"the acceptance of multiple sexual orientations and lifestyles, generally accompanied by the appropriate legal and civil rights† (Urban Dictionary, 2009). Though there have been improvements in tolerance, there are still many different views on the recent policies, laws or social trends occurring towards sexual and gender orientation. Every aspect of society, from the Department of Defense to local schoolRead MoreThe Effects Of Traditional Masculinity On Gender Equality1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Traditional Masculinity on Gender Equality The idea of â€Å"doing gender† was introduced by West and Zimmerman in 1987. They conceptualize gender as a routine accomplishment that is created and maintained through everyday interaction. Instead of seeing masculinity as something that just happens to men or is done to men, masculinity is seen as something that men do. Specific patterns are learned through the socialization process that appropriately represents masculinity (West, Zimmerman)

The Impact of CSR on the Firms-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Undertake a literature review on a theoretical Concept/Construct of your choosing that has real world Management Implications (e.g., customer satisfaction, social media, airline industry competitiveness, return on investment, website quality etc.). Answer: Brief summary: Corporates today are facing so much of issues related to practice of activities that are socially responsible in nature. The study of El-Garaihy, Mobarak Albahussain studies about the impact of CSR on the competitive advantage of the firms. The study provides the model that suggests that there are various factors that affect the competitive advantage of the company which includes legal, ethical, economical and discretionary activities. The test has also been conducted in the study that resulted in a positive relationship between the CSR initiatives by the company and the attainment of competitive advantage. Another study that focuses on International pyramid model of CSR was conducted by Masoud. The author suggested that, there is an innovation in this model which includes glocal responsibilities of CSR. Tai Chuang throws light on the social responsibility practices that should be conducted by the multi-national companies in order to be more responsible towards the society. Survey has been conducted by the author to determine such active and passive practices. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees by Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain is the study was conducted on 500 companies. It is the study that focuses on finding the frontline employees perception about corporate social responsibility that have great impact on customer orientation and job performance of the meployeees.it is basically the study that deals with relationship of frontline employees and CSR activities along with customer orientation. Common themes: As far as all the article studied are considered, it has been analysed that every article deals with one of the aspects of Corporate Social responsibility. As per El-Garaihy, Mobarak Albahussain, the focus of their study is on the relationship between the competitive advantage of the firm and the CSR initiatives it takes. It studies a model of CSR which was again studied in the study by El-Garaihy, Mobarak Albahussain in the name of International pyramid model of CSR with an innovation. In concern with the Tai Chuang, it can be explained that CSR activities are important for the companies to practices in order to gain profitability. Surveys on the companies determined which activities can be considered as CSR activities. The study of Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain also has the similar theme of CSR activities but from the perspectives of the frontline employees and not from the perspective of the whole company. Differences in all the articles: As discussed in the above section that all the articles have some of the similarities in them but there are some of the differences that has also been found. One of the major differences that have been found in the articles is that CSR activities have different aspects and have different types of impact on the organisations. The article studied by Masoud is about the innovation of the pyramid model of CSR while the study of El-Garaihy, Mobarak Albahussain also argues about the model for CSR but in addition to it, this article also studies about the relation between the competitive advantage and CSR activities. In the study of Tai Chuang, the effect of CSR on the revenue of the company is considered while in the study of corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees by Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain analyses the effect of corporate social responsibility on the frontline employees and not the company as a whole. All the articles consider different aspects of CSR and analyse different impacts of CSR on the organisational functions. Limitations: The study of El-Garaihy, Mobarak Albahussain has the limitation that it is totally based on the secondary sources and the data collected from the survey can be varied thus it may also affect the accuracy of the results. As far as the next article is considered, the study of Masoud has a limitation that it is just based on the qualitative aspect. It has been analysed that research based on the qualitative data is not that much reliable because there is no specificity of the result. The result has no proof in the quantitative aspect. There is one more limitation of this study which is about the fact that it considers the various factors such as legal, economical, ethical etc. and believes that all the factors have similar effect in every country but this can be varied. Corporate Social Responsibility by Tai Chuang is that article that lacks in providing the importance of CSR on any other function of the company other than the revenues of the firm. This acts as the limitation of the s tudy. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees by Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain is the study that focuses on frontline employers and their relationship with the customers along with the impact on CSR on the same. The only drawback that can be observed it this article is that it only considers the frontline employees and not the other departments. Future research scope: As far as the future research scope is considered, the study of El-Garaihy, Mobarak Albahussain suggests that more realistic perspectives can be achieved if various functions like customers satisfaction, employee engagement etc. has been studied in order to study the attainment of competitive advantage of the company with the help of CSR. Masoud studies about the CSR model that can be improved by including various other factors and can be implemented on other societal issues. Corporate Social Responsibility by Tai Chuang is the study that focuses on earning revenues from CSR activities, the future research can be made on identifying such activities to be implemented. Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain conducted the study on frontline employees and their relation with the customers. The future researchers can analyse the relation of other stakeholders as well and can observe the impact on CSR on the same. References: El-Garaihy, W. H., Mobarak, A. K. M., Albahussain, S. A. (2014). Measuring the impact of corporate social responsibility practices on competitive advantage: A mediation role of reputation and customer satisfaction.International Journal of Business and Management,9(5), 109. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B., Swain, S. D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), 20-37. Masoud, N. (2017). How to win the battle of ideas in corporate social responsibility: the International Pyramid Model of CSR.International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility,2(1), 4. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117.

Shawn Colvin free essay sample

The Shawn Colvin concert in March at the Capitol Center in Concord, New Hampshire was packed. This was her first performance after winning two Grammies (record and song of the year for Sunny Came Home). Ana Egge, from Austin, Texas was the opening act. Shawn and Ana both had great music using only an acoustic guitar and their voices. The sound filled the whole auditorium. Shawn is a great performer and handled herself well with the crowd despite the fact that she forgot a few chords. Shawns only mistake was when she had trouble remembering a song, but it didnt take away from the performance. It showed the human side of her and demonstrated why live performances have more meaning than a CD. She also had a question- and-answer session and tried her best to answer everyones questions and also told about her experiences at the Grammies. I thought the concert was wonderful. We will write a custom essay sample on Shawn Colvin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was really into the audience which made the concert more enjoyable. The few mistakes she made made the concert more real. The personal experiences really got the crowd involved. I would definitely see Shawn Colvin again; she was wonderful. .

Países para obtener las visas H-2A y H-2B en 2019

Paà ­ses para obtener las visas H-2A y H-2B en 2019 Las visas H-2A y H-2B permiten a trabajadores extranjeros trabajar temporalmente en EE.UU. Para sacarlas es requisito indispensable ser ciudadano de determinados paà ­ses. Esta es la lista que aplica en 2019. Paà ­ses que permiten sacar las visas H-2a y H-2b A partir del 18 de enero de 2019, segà ºn ha publicado el Registro Federal de los Estados Unidos, y por validez de un aà ±o, los ciudadanos de 84 paà ­ses pueden beneficiarse de las visas H-2A que autorizan a trabajar temporalmente en labores agrà ­colas en EE.UU. Sin embargo, solamente los nacionales de 81 paà ­ses pueden solicitar la visa H-2B, para desempeà ±ar labores temporales no agrà ­colas. En el listado que sigue a continuacià ³n se listan los paà ­ses autorizados, con especificacià ³n de los restringidos solamente a la visa H-2A. AlemaniaAndorraArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBarbadosBà ©lgicaBrasilBruneiBulgariaCanadChileColombiaCorea del SurCosta RicaCroaciaDinamarcaEcuadorEl SalvadorEslovaquiaEsloveniaEspaà ±aEstoniaFijiFinlandiaFranciaGranadaGreciaGuatemalaHolandaHondurasHungrà ­aIrlandaIsla Salomà ³nIslandiaIsraelItaliaJamaicaJapà ³nKiribatiLetoniaLichtensteinLituaniaLuxemburgoMacedoniaMadagascarMaltaMà ©xicoMoldavia (solamente visa H-2A)Mà ³nacoMongoliaMontenegroMozambiqueNauruNicaraguaNoruegaNueva ZelandaPanamPapà ºa Nueva GuineaParaguay (solamente visa H-2A)Perà ºPoloniaPortugalReino UnidoRepà ºblica ChecaRepà ºblica Dominicana (solamente visa H-2A)Rumanà ­aSamoaSan MarinoSerbiaSingaporeSt. Vincent y GranadinaSudfricaSueciaSuizaTailandiaTaiwnTimorTogoTurquà ­aTuvaluUcraniaUruguayVanuatu Entre las novedades de este aà ±o destacan, por un lado, la inclusià ³n de Paraguay para las visas H-2A y, por otro, la exclusià ³n de Repà ºblica Dominicana del listado de paà ­ses con visas H-2B. La inclusià ³n de Paraguay fue justificada por el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) por el bajo porcentaje de paraguayos con visa que exceden el tiempo mximo autorizado de estancia en Estados Unidos y por la colaboracià ³n del gobierno paraguayo en los casos de deportaciones o expulsiones de sus nacionales. Por el contrario, se ha excluido a Repà ºblica Dominicana de las visas H-2B por el alto porcentaje –superior al 30 por ciento–de nacionales con esa visa que se quedaban en EE.UU. ms tiempo del autorizado. Las personas que por su nacionalidad estn excluidas de aplicar para estas visas pueden estar interesadas en considerar trabajar en un crucero, cuyas visas –C1/D– no excluyen a ningà ºn paà ­s. Existen agencias con buena reputacià ³n especializadas en emplear trabajadores extranjeros para cruceros y los salarios son superiores al salario mà ­nimo en EE.UU. Informacià ³n bsica sobre las visas H-2A y H-2B Las dos visas son muy parecidas y brindan la posibilidad de trabajar temporalmente en Estados Unidos, la H-2A en agricultura y la H-2B en trabajos no agrà ­colas como pueden ser, por ejemplo, hoteles, ferias ambulantes conocidas como Carnivals o resorts. Para ambas visas es requisito imprescindible que un empleador estadounidense o una agencia intermediaria que trabaja con las empresas americanas inicien la tramitacià ³n ya que deben obtener una certificacià ³n del Departamento de Trabajo y la aprobacià ³n del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a de los Estados Unidos (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Es decir, no se trata de que si una persona extranjera desea una de estas visas puede solicitarla en el consulado. En otras palabras, es imprescindible obtener antes un contrato por parte de una empresa estadounidense que es quien obtiene los permisos y quien pone en marcha la tramitacià ³n antes las autoridades. Una vez iniciado este proceso ya se indicar al trabajador extranjero cundo debe presentarse a la embajada o al consulado de los Estados Unidos correspondiente para la entrevista para la visa. Cabe destacar que las empresas estadounidenses, aunque lo quisieran, no pueden contratar a todos los trabajadores estacionales extranjeros para visas H-2B que quieran. Cada aà ±o fiscal puede concederse un mximo anual de 66,000 visas para esta categorà ­a, 33.000 son asignadas en la primera mitad del aà ±o fiscal y las restantes en la segunda. Una vez que se llena el cupo no se pueden emitir ms visas en esta categorà ­a. Las excepciones son los trabajadores contratados por estos visados para trabajar en la industria de las huevas de pescado o aquellos que desempeà ±en servicios en Guam o en las Islas Marianas (territorios de los Estados Unidos en el Pacà ­fico). Sin embargo, las visas H-2A no tienen là ­mite anual y estn entre las que en los à ºltimos aà ±os han visto incrementar ms sus nà ºmeros. Los mexicanos son el 90 por ciento del total de visas emitidas en esta categorà ­a y North Carolina Growers Association y Washington Farm Labor Association son los mayores patrocinadores. Adems, hay el problema de los fraudes tanto en la visa H-2A como en la H-2B. Algunos patrones pagan menos de lo que corresponde. Hay que destacar que los extranjeros con estas visas pagan impuestos y que tienen derecho a cobrar, al menos, el salario mà ­nimo. Otra fuente de problemas son algunas agencias, que pueden ser fraudulentas. Se recomienda verificar las opiniones y experiencias de otros trabajadores con la misma visa y en el caso de Mà ©xico checar este listado de ms de 60 reclutadores  para visas H-2A y H-2B. En algunos casos la organizacià ³n sin fin de lucro Contratados es una buena fuente para verificar si una agencia o reclutador cumple lo que promete. Puntos Clave: paà ­ses visas H-2A y H-2B Las visas H-2A permiten trabajar temporalmente en agricultura en EE.UU.Las visas H-2B permiten trabajar temporalmente en trabajos no agrà ­colas en EE.UU. Hay un là ­mite anual de 66.000 visas que pueden ser emitidas para esta categorà ­a.Nà ºmero de paà ­ses cuyos nacionales pueden obtener una H-2A: 84Nà ºmero de paà ­ses cuyos nacionales pueden obtener una H-2B:81Paà ­ses hispanohablantes que pueden optar a la H-2A: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Espaà ±a, Guatemala, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Panam, Paraguay, Perà º, Repà ºblica Dominicana y Perà º.Paà ­ses hispanohablantes que pueden optar a la H-2B: los mismos que en el listado anterior excepto Paraguay y Repà ºblica Dominicana.Requisito indispensable: que una empresa estadounidense inicie el proceso de los papeles directamente o a travà ©s de una agencia o reclutador. En ningà ºn caso el trabajador puede iniciar los trmites. Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Predicate Complements

Predicate Complements Predicate Complements Predicate Complements By Maeve Maddox The term complement comes from the verb to complete. The predicate nominative and predicate adjective complete the meaning of a state-of-being or linking verb. The most common linking verb is to be, with its forms am, is, are, was, were, being, been. Other verbs, like seem and appear, also function in this way. The predicate nominative (abbreviated PN) completes the verb and renames the subject of the verb. The predicate adjective (abbreviated PA) completes the verb and describes the subject. The predicate complement is also called the subject complement because it restates or describes the subject. Predicate Nominative The predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that completes the meaning of a linking verb. Sometimes students confuse direct objects and predicate complements. One way to tell them apart is to reverse the sentence. If the sentence still makes sense after being reversed, the word that answers â€Å"What?† after the verb is a complement. Compare: Baxter is an excellent typist. An excellent typist is Baxter. The reversed sentence still makes sense; â€Å"an excellent typist† is a complement. Baxter typed the report. The report typed Baxter. The reversed sentence is nonsense; â€Å"the report† is a direct object. When the predicate nominative is a pronoun, traditional grammar says it should be in the nominative (subject) case. That’s logical because the complement restates the subject. English idiom and logic, however, are not always on the best of terms. Consider: Is Dr. Singh the man at the dais? Yes, that’s he. Because he is a predicate nominative in this sentence, the subject form he is correct. However, most native speakers would probably say â€Å"Yes, that’s him.† Predicate Adjective The predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes its subject: You seem sad. (predicate adjective) In certain light, the fish appears transparent. (predicate adjective) Other verbs commonly used to express a state of being are: feel make taste look smell grow remain stay turn sound become prove Note: some of these verbs can also be used as action verbs. If the verb conveys an action, the word that follows is a direct object (DO). If the word that follows the verb describes the subject, it’s a predicate adjective (PA): I feel sad. (PA) I feel the wall. (DO) He made me mad. (PA) I made cookies. (DO) That smells bad. (PA) Wake up and smell the roses. (DO) Every day you grow older. (PA) The farmer grows strawberries. (DO) The angry dictator turned blue. (PA) The ox turned the wheel. (DO) That music sounds discordant. (PA) The bugler sounded the alarm. (DO) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryWriting the Century55 "House" Idioms

In the Hospitality Industry Job Satisfaction Is Critical to Service Research Paper

In the Hospitality Industry Job Satisfaction Is Critical to Service Efficiency - Research Paper Example Societal norms are changing where loyalty is no more considered an important criterion (Gustafson, 2002). Managers are faced with the challenge to retain current employees and position themselves in a way to attract talent. The situation is challenging because the staff is unskilled and untrained. If the organization invests in their training, employees switch to better-paying jobs and this translates into fresh recruitment and training costs. Without training, the employees do not find the work meaningful and hence results in poor job satisfaction and low organizational commitment. Job redesigning, better communication between the staff and the managers, a stable work environment, sense of belonging, recognition, flexible working hours, mentorship, groups tasks, shorter working hours and compensation programs can help to increase the level of job satisfaction and increase organizational commitment. Locke (1976) has defined job satisfaction as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience (cited by Lee, 2000). Job satisfaction is directly related to motivation, role clarity and organizational commitment. Organizational commitment relates to an attachment to the organization while job satisfaction is concerned with the task environment where the employee performs his duties. An extensive study conducted by Woods and Macaulay in 1989 to try and determine the reasons for high turnover in the hospitality industry revealed eight frequently cited reasons – quality of supervision, ineffective communication, working conditions, quality of co-workers, inability to ‘fit’ with the organizational culture, low pay and few benefits, lack of clear definition of responsibilities, no direction at work (cited by Gustafson).

Hinduism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hinduism - Research Paper Example Majority of these writers define Hinduism as the family of religions. Hindus belief that after a person is born, he or she should strive to obtain impersonal supreme in order to lead a righteous life. It is very difficult to define Hindu religion but the most accepted conception is that Hinduism is rooted in India where the holy books called the Veda were found. The belief system (dharma) of the Hindus is derived from the Vedas. Most Hindus believe in the existence of a supreme being whose character and forms are represented by many deities, which originate from him. In addition, they also believe that living consists of cycle of birth, death, and rebirth and finally administered by what they call the Karma. It is written in the Vedas that the soul goes through a cycle of subsequent lives and its coming incarnation is dependent on how a person lived his or her life while on earth (Knott 41-4). Hinduism belief in eternal life or atman, which they think dictate our existence as human beings. Majority of Hindus have developed different explanations of the self where they view it as eternal servant of God. The belief in the eternal self among the Hindus endorses the concept of reincarnation in the sense that the same self can inherit interim bodies. The concept of eternal self implies that self is a soul or a spiritual entity rather than a physical or material being. This makes Hindus emphasize on the significance of complete detachment from material things and encourages practices such as asceticism (Knott 70). Dharma in Hindu religion is very important since it dictates morality, virtue, and duty. Majority of Hindus have a conviction that dharma was revealed to them in the Vedas or the holy text. Through dharma, the society is held together in peace and harmony since it makes the sun to rise, the vegetations to grow, and makes us ethical or moral individuals. Acting morally does not imply precisely the same for everybody because different

Shakespeare in Love a Film by John Madden Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare in Love a Film by John Madden Essay Write down 20 words that will help you remembering the plot of the film. Theatre, Queen Elizabeth, actors, audition, Thomas Kent, Viola, complicated/forbidden love, Wessex is going to marry Viola, Christopher Marlowe gets killed, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† * Describe William Shakespeare as a character in the film William’s character in the film a lot like Romeo’s. William is also charming, handsome and in love with a woman he’s not allowed to be with. * Why can’t William and Viola have each other? William is poor. He’s an actor and play writer. He’s a man who is struggling to get great money out of his work. Viola is the exact opposite. She and her family are rich and live in a big house. She even has her own nurse that takes care of her like she was her own daughter. That’s properly one of the reasons why they can’t be together; they live so different lifes, but also because William is already married and Viola promised to marry the dour Lord Wessex. I think it’s mostly, because she has to marry the dour Lord Wessex. * What does â€Å"Break a leg† mean? When you work at a theater, you usually use the expression â€Å"Break a leg†, when you’re about to make a performances because it means good look. * What impression did you get of the time when the story takes place? The way people dress, behave and talk. * How does the meeting with Viola De Lesseps change Will? A short time before William even meets Viola. He thought that, he had lost his gift. The moment he meets her, his beautiful words with just flew out his mouth like he was born too write wonderful poems. * When does Will realize that Thomas Kent is Viola? Viola is sitting on the boat as Thomas Kent and William is sitting there too and while the two of them is having passionate conversation about the love for one and other (William thinks he is speaking to the actor Thomas Kent). Viola can’t hold the secret from him anymore, because she knows that she can’t be with him any longer. And before she even thinks, she kisses him. * Why does Will think that he has killed a man? Will was the one the dour Lord Wessex wanted dead. The dour Lord Wessex knew William as Christopher Marlowe, so he sent out his â€Å"people† to kill Christopher Marlowe. Will felt guilty because if he didn’t pretend to be Christopher he wouldn’t have been killed because of him. * Why does Christopher Marlowe die? William pretended to be Christopher Marlowe, when the dour Lord Wessex demanded to know who he was. Right after he had had a romantic dance with the beautiful Viola at the dancing. I think Lord Wessex was jealous, when he saw the connection between Will and Viola. * Do you see any connections between â€Å"Romeo Juliet† and the romance between Will and Viola? I definitely see the connection. When I see Will and Viola, I see Romeo and Juliet. The characters look so much alike. When Will wrote about Romeo and Juliet and their love for each other he was properly writing about his own love affair with Viola. He only changed the names. I believe that is why the connections are so huge. * How did you like the ending of the film? The ending is very classic. And what I like about the ending of the film is that it ends well for the protagonist and terrible for the bad people in the film. * Write a review of the film. How many stars would you give it – why? Give good reasons†¦ Shakespeare in love is a movie that take us to the great love affair William Shakespeare had at the time, he was writing one of his most famous plays. We get to understand where William got all his inspiration from to write the amazing play, and how people in this life are based on the characters in the play including him. **** â€Å"A comedy that is based on true love†

Why Mark Antonys Speech so Effective in Persuading his Audience :: essays research papers

Mark Antony's famous speech is a great example of a good speech. The ability of Antony to convince an audience, who at the beginning were against him, of his point of view is remarkable. I particularly love the way in which he is able to turn the word honorable around to in fact mean dishonorable. Antony confronts a crowd that is against him. In order to turn the crowd to his side he uses irony and rhetorical questions but without breaking his word, not to wrong Brutus, ?I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke? Antony indirectly persuades the crowd that Brutus was wrong in killing Caesar and that Caesar's death should be avenged. The use of rhetorical questions in Antony's speech causes the crowd to question what they once thought. "You loved him once, not without cause What cause withholds you then to mourn for him?? This rhetorical question goes against Brutus by questioning his speech in which he so greatly demonized Caesar. Now the crowd is starting to turn against Brutus in favor of Antony. The audience question themselves. This in turn makes them question what Brutus once told them. ?Perhaps Brutus manipulated us to make us think along his lines?, they may have questioned. He repeatedly states that ?Brutus is an honorable man?. The quote reveals much about the character of Brutus. Not only does Antony?s quote point, obviously, to the fact that Brutus is seen as an honorable man, but in its tone, it also raises questions as to whether this honor is suitably placed. Brutus is seen by all of Rome as a good man and Antony sees the self-important side of Brutus which has developed from this. He notices this and uses it against Brutus. Through repeatedly stating the idea that ?Brutus is an honorable man?, he then points out the fact that Brutus is claiming to be so ?honorable? because he murdered Caesar. Antony impressively turns the people from Brutus?s line of thought to his own. The respect from the people is not quite strong enough to hold when Brutus takes his supposed moral intentions and kills his friend Ceaser. Brutus? reputation, although good, is not good enough to cover such blatantly faulty motives, which were unnoticed before they were subtly pointed out by Antony. ?Brutus is an honorable man?. It is paradoxical how his words ring true with both truth and sarcasm. With Antony?s one brief line an entire portrait of Brutus is created.

Sanitarium Marketing

Assignment 1. 1 Overview and Situation Analysis – Sanitarium evolution of marketing A brand that down any New Zealand supermarket? s breakfast cereal aisle which dominates the shelves†¦ that is Sanitarium! Sanitarium Australia and Sanitarium New Zealand are owned and operated by Australian Health & Nutrition Association and New Zealand Health Association. The company produces over 150 products and employs approximately 1700 people in the manufacturing and distribution sites throughout Australia and New Zealand. The company is leading manufacturer of breakfast cereals, soy beverages plant based meat alternatives, , and yeast spreads.Sanitarium – the maker of Kiwi staples Weet-Bix and Skippy Cornflakes – has evolved into a giant of the local food manufacturing sector over the last century. They are proud to be a group of people who believe passionately in the potential of every New Zealander. The potential to be healthy: physically, mentally and emotionally. T hey believe this journey all begins with good nutrition. â€Å"What you feed your body and your mind, changes the  way you feel. † Sanitarium's range of healthy breakfast options not only includes Weet-Bix, which is New Zealand's favorite cereal, they also offer something for everyone in the family. for example, products like beverages, spreads and another kinds of cereal†¦ all of them focused to sell the idea to be and eat healthy. Following that conception, Sanitarium is always looking at ways of sourcing ingredients and making products on a local level, to help minimize our impact on the environment. They do care about sustainability! The commitment to sustainability don? t stop at the farm gate but covers the entire supply chain and life cycle of foods, from inception, through manufacturing, to minimization of waste and the disposal of any waste, being inclusive of all resources that they control within the supply chain.Sanitarium’s mission is to lead, inspi re and resource the experience of happy health living in the community. For any business, growth is a significant element of being competitive within their industry and as discussed prior Sanitarium holds the largest portion of the market. The ability to create revenue allows Sanitarium the cash flow needed to put into costs such as marketing, advertising, and development of new products and brands. Without this Sanitarium’s life cycle would be short as even the cereal market will not lasts forever. In this segmentation, Sanitarium marketing has been improved.The company promotes events like â€Å"The  Sanitarium Weet-Bix Kids Tryathlon† which  is a community-based event that encourages Kiwi kids, aged from 7 until 15, to participate in a fun day out, to encourage exercises in a healthy life. There is also the program called â€Å"KickStart Breakfast†Ã‚  which was recently established by Sanitarium and has been recognised by Prime Minister John Key with an a ward as the ‘Best New Initiative' at the annual Prime Minister's Social Heroes Awards. These awards acknowledge businesses supporting charitable purposes as well.The company? s advertising has been always inspiring the community to make healthier food and lifestyle choices, with this proposal, Sanitarium invests a significant portion of resources into providing the community with free nutritional information and diet related advice by a team of nutritionists, receipts. All healthy information can be found in the company? s website. One of the recent marketing opportunities for Sanitarium was well done. The company had a perfect time to maximize its decade-long sponsorship in the 2011 Rugby World Cup.Rather than promote the Up;Go and Weet-Bix brands individually, Sanitarium decided on a parent-brand approach for its Game Plan campaign. However, it knew there would be an onslaught of companies jostling for in-store space and consumer attention in such a key year. The solution wa s thinking bigger, so Sanitarium had a display concept in mind that used 3. 2m goalposts in-store. They had used effective displays to demonstrating Sanitarium’s support for the team, and driving the sales required to meet business objectives.Another recent marketing activity, was the return of their Marmite. Sanitarium and their advertising agency Saatchi ; Saatchi made the most of Marmite's long-awaited comeback, with a Facebook countdown. Marmite (brand that is protected by trade mark laws) is back in production and supermarket shelves. A full year after it disappeared, Marmite has returned in a marketing campaign that included free jars sent to politicians and media types, recipes and a midnight supermarket opening that generated queues around the block in some centres.Sanitarium's marketing prowess could yet desert the company, however. One of the risks involved in taking the product off the shelves for a year could be that Kiwis lose the taste for Marmite – possi bly lowering their sodium levels at the same time. Anyway, Sanitarium must continue to provide and create value in the short term and long term future and also focus on three main of areas being: product development with market demands, communication regarding products, operations, services and refocus its attention around charity and community involvement.REFERENCES Sanitarium Game Plan – retrieved 2013 http://www. everythingmarketing. co. nz Christopher Adams article – retrieved Jun,30 2012 http://www. nzherald. co. nz Ben Fay / News – retrieved Mar,20 2013 http://www. stoppress. co. nz/tags/sanitarium Sanitarium News – 2013 http://www. sanitarium. co. nz/about-us/sanitarium-news/2013 Press Release: Weetbix Tryathlon – retrieved Jan,30 2013 http://www. scoop. co. nz

Portfolio Unit 1: Article Critique Essay

User interfaces and consumer perceptions of online stores: The role of telepresence KIL-SOO SUH and SUNHYE CHANG School of Business, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Office of General Affairs, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Behaviour & Information Technology, Vol. 25, No. 2, March-April 2006 pages 99 – 113 1. Overview of Article The article written by Kil-Soo Suh and Sunhye Chang are well laid out, and easy to read. I feel that they have made the article interesting enough to keep people interested right from the start and reading further. I think that the writers choice to use many facts from the start is a good choice as it helps to keep readers intrigued. The title for the article may not be the best choice, but is indeed very direct with what they are trying to provide readers with. The writers continue, with a brief introduction, theoretical background and hypotheses with useful information as well as useful references in there work. The writers have used research to provide references to there work which is vastly positive and gives readers further information on the subject. The article was written in the year 2006 and is about the consumers’ perceptions about online stores and shopping online. Over time consumers have become more and more accustomed to using the internet and shopping online and this article explains what general consumers once feared about using such a tool to make everyday transactions. The articles gives readers examples of questions and also the results to them. This can help readers into a better understanding about the subject of user interfaces and consumer perceptions of online stores. The writers have chosen to use quantitative as well as qualitative methods to show there use of questionnaires and results. The articles descriptions about certain information such as ‘user interface and telepresence’ are well described with references, examples and also diagrams which are clear and easy to follow. 2. Strengths and Weaknesses 2.1 Weaknesses a. Although the article starts off well, introducing the reader into the subject, it does start to become rather repetitive half way through. b. Whereas the research seems to be done well, the ‘theoretical background and hypotheses’ have come up a little short on information. c. With evidence to the questionnaires and data tables of results, the methodology for the overall article seemed to be based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. However, I found that the quantitative information given was not sufficient enough for the reader. d. The literature used may not be as appealing to e.g a younger audience who may want to read shorter paragraphs and less overall. e. The article may seem to be now a little outdated for readers even though it has useful information. 2.2 Strengths a. The research has been done well and is also appropriately referenced, making it easy for readers to follow and research on there own if they wish to with the research information provided. b. Towards the end of the article the writers have a heading ‘Future research directions’. With the information provided in this short ‘to be continued’ styled paragraph will help encourage any readers that are enjoying the article to read further, and maybe to even research the subject further themselves. c. Although the article is to some extent outdated at the time of my self reading it, I think that it still provides the reader with relevant and precise information. 3. Recommendations a. By keeping the article short could mean appealing to a wider audience b. I feel that if the aims where set out clearer at the start of the article, it would be even easier for the reader to get into it. c. Producing better research methods as well as a better background on the subject will also have been better suited to this particular article. d. Changing the literature to better suit a younger more open audience. I feel that the article should be better suited to the reader than the writer. e. Although there is quantitative and qualitative data within the article itself, I feel that the writers could have made better use of the information by applying more time to the qualitative data rather than focusing more on quantitative data.

Academic Writing Advice

Academic Writing Advice Academic Writing Advice

A Chance of Showers

A Chance of Showers A Chance of Showers A Chance of Showers By Maeve Maddox Thanks to a two-week run of rain in my part of the country, a local announcer’s repeated prediction of showers has finally driven me to write a post on his use of what to my ears is unidiomatic usage: â€Å"a chance for† in the context of weather. The established weather idiom is â€Å"a chance of,† as in Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. Wondering if it was just the local man’s quirk, I did a Google search and found the unidiomatic use of â€Å"chance for† on weather sites in other parts of the country: Sun with a Chance for Showers (WFMZ-TV Eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey) Mostly Cloudy with a Chance for Scattered Showers (WBNS Columbus OH) Cooler with a Chance for Showers (KRCR Redding/Chico CA) A Google search indicates that the use of â€Å"chance for† is much less common when the anticipated weather is snow or plain rain. It’s difficult to discuss preposition use because so often the â€Å"correct† usage is idiomatic. Although the â€Å"chance for† weather usage is most frequent on the airwaves, I did a search on the print-based Ngram Viewer to get a sense of general usage. The combination â€Å"chance for showers† is not found at all. â€Å"Chance for rain† does produce a result, very close to nil; the usage rises slightly in the late 1980s. An Ngram search for â€Å"chance of† and â€Å"chance for† shows a distinct preference for of as the preposition to follow chance and chances. The bottom line is that of is the most usual preposition used with the noun chance in most contexts. Here are some examples: LeBron asks: What are the chances of making 10 free throws in a row? A Statisticians View: What Are Your Chances of Winning the Powerball Lottery? What are the chances of 366 strangers all having a different birthday? What is the chance of an asteroid hitting Earth and how do astronomers calculate it? When the preposition for follows chance, the suggestion seems to be that a positive outcome is regarded as desirable: â€Å"The Chance for Peace† (Title of an address by D.W.Eisenhower) A chance for Mississippi to get out of the educational basement Persian Leopards: Large Cats with a Small Chance for Survival What Are the Chances for IVF Success? Rain, snow, showers, and thunderstorms may or may not be desirable, but so far, the standard preposition to use when anticipating their chances is of: Muggy with a Chance of Rain. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Continue and "Continue on"

Criminal Justice System of America and Britain Research Paper

Criminal Justice System of America and Britain - Research Paper Example Still, there are many differences and similarities between the judicial systems in these countries. The first difference occurs, when American lawyers are defense attorneys, notwithstanding that they prefer to call themselves â€Å"trial lawyers†. British lawyers name them â€Å"solicitors, representing people’s legal needs and barristers, who take the cases to civil or criminal courts† (Carter, 2001). The differences should be found not at the verbal level, but at much deeper conceptual and historical levels. Similarities and differences between the US and UK legal systems As far as we can see, there can be found a lot of parallels between English Common Law and the American legal system, many differences exist as well. It is relevant to trace the deep historical roots of legal system of these countries, because â€Å"the life of the law has not been logic, it has been experience...the law embodies the story of a nation's development through many centuries..." (Carter, 2001). There is no Supreme Court in the Great Britain and a government is positioned as a totally separated unity from the legal process. The House of Lords performs a function of the highest justice and represents the â€Å"court of highest appeal†. (Carter, 2001) In America, state courts are separated from federal courts, but in Britain the lowest criminal courts â€Å"Magistrate's Courts† exist.... In England there is Home Secretary, who is responsible for the criminal justice system and Wales and advising the Queen on the royal prerogative of mercy to pardon exercise given to a person who is convicted of a crime. In accordance with the US Constitution, the President has a power of a pardon (of course, this mainly happens on the basis of political considerations about the cases). Therefore, it is evident that legal and judicial systems are more separated from each other in the US. On the basis of the difference of the legal systems in Britain and America, it is clearly seen that the US Constitution is the leading legal document in America. The Judiciary has the control over its own actions and the Executive or Legislative branches can obtrude in this process. Another interesting fact is that the Executive branch is responsible for appointments of federal judges and judges in the Supreme Court. The Congress has a right to either approve or disapprove such kind of appointment. Th erefore, on the basis of these facts the independence of the American judiciary can be questioned. The differences between judicial systems between these two countries occurred after the Revolution, when â€Å"American law became, in some ways, More than less English....The law later needed was not to be found in the colonial past....Only England had a supply that American lawyers could use without translation or transformation." (Knight, 1996) Still, the majority of lawyers and critics claim that the development of the judicial system should be a more dynamical process. In order to accommodate republican versus monarchial system of Britain, America

M2a2 Leading through and beyond Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M2a2 Leading through and beyond Change - Essay Example Changes are constant in an organization, but most of the changes are gradual and unplanned (Burke, 2010, p.1). Change at times is necessary for organizations to adjust themselves in this dynamic business environment (Reader & eHow, n.d.). In the context of the study, changes will be mainly discussed from the viewpoint of Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM). According to John Kotter, change in general passes through 8 key stages. Also for an organization to implement changes in their system must follow all the steps and accomplish all the necessary tasks of each stage. 1. Increase urgency: - In this stage organizations feel the megacity for incorporating change. This is achieved through the evidences of other companies, about how they got success after implementing change. 7. Consolidating enhancement: - In this stage of the change process an organization must plan and evidently improve the performance through the change. Also recognition and rewarding employees who were indulged in the process, will further help to serve the purpose. Now after examining the study in accordance with the case study of JP Morgan, it has been found that due to change in the trading activities of the traders the bank suffered huge losses. The primary mistake was on the part of the bank’s operations. The bank could not formulate a sound strategy, by which trading activities would have generated less effect. In accordance with the Korter’s model and case study they must develop a strategy that ensures least effect from the traders. In general individuals within the organization do not like changes in the system; rather they fell that any carnage in the organization may hamper their present course of actions. However there is time when change becomes necessary in order to rectify the earlier mistakes. Changes also take place as the precautionary measure of future issues. In the context of

Leadership Journal Performance Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Journal Performance Appraisal - Essay Example In performance management, the most important part includes conducting performance appraisals of the employees by their supervisors. The current discourse hereby aims to reflect on performance appraisals in one’s work setting, including any participation in a 360-degree evaluation. Performance Appraisals Received In the capacity of a registered nurse with a Nursing and Rehabilitation Health Care Facility, one has definitely received performance appraisals from one’s supervisor. It was acknowledged that performance appraisals are meant to assess and evaluate the actual performance of individuals against the pre-determined targets. These processes also serve the function of aligning individuals’ goals with organizational objectives, and therefore provide a direction to individuals’ actions; performance appraisals help in setting the right expectations from individuals. As such, it was confirmed that the appraisal has been connected to the strategic plan of t he health care facility; as well as to the nursing unit. Connection to Strategic Plan The connection of the performance appraisal to the strategic plan of the facility; as well as to the objectives of the nursing unit is definitely advantageous both to the organization and to me, as a nurse. Performance appraisals provided the needed inputs by decision makers in the health care facility with regards to human resource requirements, salary adjustments, and the employees’ attitudes and abilities through feedback mechanisms integrated within the performance appraisal (PA) system. Advantage of Connection to Strategic Plan In terms of the benefits to nurses, these performance appraisals clearly show how efficient we are in fulfilling our responsibilities and in conforming to standards of health care. For instance, we have to ensure safety of the patients at all times; no medication errors; focus on customer satisfaction through high quality patient care. Through performance results , we are apprised on our abilities to achieve standards and objectives within a defined time frame and with minimum complaints or errors. These become the basis for promotions and salary increases. This PA model is very similar to many other behavior-based models that have been extremely successful in the healthcare organizations, as pointed out by Chandra and Frank (2004). Likewise, the current system is corroborated in a recent empirical study in Nigerian organization which indicated that such strategic management of performance by linking performance appraisal to career progression and employee participation will enhance the employee’s commitment towards the job and the organization (Abdulkadir, Isiaka & Adedoyin, 2012). Participation in 360-Degree Evaluation A very successful and famous PA method is the 360-degree feedback process which reportedly involves receiving feedback from various people working with the employee directly or indirectly. Accordingly, the process hel ps individuals to understand various perspectives which other stakeholders hold about themselves with respect to their peers, customers, clients, and shareholders (Weiss & Kolberg, 2004). As a nurse, one had been a participant in the 360-degree process through being informed of the results of one’s performance appraisal and by relaying personal comments and inputs on the assessment. One strongly believes that the inputs provided are instrumental for leaders and decision makers to

The Emancipation Of Serfs

The Emancipation Of Serfs From the mid-nineteenth century the pace of change in Russia rapidly accelerated. The decade following the Crimean warrior saw the most dramatic social and institutional upheaval that the empire had ever undergone. Central to the so-called Great Reforms of the period was the abolition of serfdom. The statute of 1861 set the 22 million serfs owned by private landlords free from personal bondage. The fundamental relationship upon which the economic, social and politic structure of the empire had been based was to be dismantled. In 1861 serfdom, the system, which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsars imperial command. Four years later, slavery in the USA was similarly declared unlawful by presidential order. Tsar Alexander II (1855-81) shared with his father, Nicholas I, a conviction that American slavery was inhumane. This is not as hypocritical as it might first appear. The serfdom that had operated in Russia since the middle of the seventeenth century was technically not slavery. The landowner did not own the serf. This contrasted with the system in the USA where the Negro slaves were chattels; that is, they were regarded in law as the disposable property of their masters. In Russia the traditional relationship between lord and serf was based on land. It was because he lived on his land that the serf was bound to the lord. The Russian system dated back to 1649 and the introduction of a legal code, which had granted total authority to the landowner to control the life and work of the peasant serfs who lived on his land. Since this included the power to deny the serf the right to move elsewhere, the difference between slavery and serfdom in practice was so fine as to be indistinguishable. The purpose behind the granting of such powers to the Russian dvoriane (nobility of landowners) in 1649 had been to make the nobles dependent on, and therefore loyal to, the tsar. They were to express that loyalty in practical form by serving the tsar as military officers or public officials. In this way the Romanov emperors built up Russias civil bureaucracy and the armed services as bodies of public servants who had a vested interest in maintaining the tsarist state. The serfs made up just over a third of the population and formed half of the peasantry. They were most heavily concentrated in the central and western provinces of Russia. Reasons for The Emancipation Edict of 1861 In a number of respects serfdom was not dissimilar to the feudalism that had operated in many parts of pre-modern Europe. However, long before the 19th century, the feudal system had been abandoned in Western Europe as it moved into the commercial and industrial age. Imperial Russia underwent no such transition. It remained economically and socially backward. Nearly all Russians acknowledged this. Some, known as slavophiles, rejoiced, claiming that holy Russia was a unique God-inspired nation that had nothing to learn from the corrupt nations to the west. But many Russians, of all ranks and classes, had come to accept that reform of some kind was unavoidable if their nation was to progress. It became convenient to use serfdom to explain all Russias current weaknesses: it was responsible for military incompetence, food shortages, over population, civil disorder, and industrial backwardness. These were oversimplified explanations but theyre some truth in all of them: serfdom was symptomatic of the underlying difficulties that held Russia back from progress. It was, therefore, a particularly easy target for the intelligentsia, those intellectuals who in their writings argued for the liberalizing of Russian society, beginning with the emancipation of the exploited peasants. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. As often happened in Russian history, it was war that forced the issue. The Russian state had entered the Crimean War in 1854 with high hopes of victory. Two years later it suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Allied armies of France, Britain and Turkey. The shock to Russia was profound. The nation had always prided itself on its martial strength. Now it had been humiliated. In 1856, the Slavophile Yuri Samarin wrote: We were defeated (in the Crimean war) not by external forces of the western alliance but by our own internal weaknessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Now, when Europe welcomes peace and rest desired for so long we must deal with what we have neglectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦At the head of the contemporary domestic questions which must be dealt with, the problem of serfdom stands as a threat to the future and an obstacle in the present to significant improvement in any way  [1]   Defeat in the Crimean war was a profound shock to Russians, and one, which compelled a complete reappraisal of the empire and of its place in the world. It revealed what many had long suspected, that profound disorder was undermining the empires capacity to sustain its role as a European great power. It demonstrated that the army, reputedly the strongest in Europe, could not defend a fortified base in its homeland against troops dispatched from thousands of miles away. It is said that Nicholas I on his deathbed acknowledged the tacit condemnation of his system, enjoying his son to take action to remedy the disorder in the command. The shortcomings of Russias military performance were due not least to the backward stare of her industry and communications and the precarious condition of her finances. She was unable either to manufacture new rifles to match those her adversaries possessed or to purchase them abroad. Much of what was available, including food and weapons, never reached the battlefield over the muddy tracks and dusty post-roads, which connected the southern extremity with the heartlands of the empire. The Emancipation Of Serfs Alexander II was the tsar liberator, the ruler who finally freed the serfs in 1861. He also instituted other important reforms, especially in local government, the judiciary, and the military. Mindful of Russian weakness displayed during the Crimean war and faced with serious economic problems, he hoped the reforms would strengthen Russia without weakening autocracy. Fulfilling such a combined goal however was an almost impossible task, even if Alexander II had been a stronger and more visionary leader than he was. Although the reforms helped modernize Russia, the climate that bred them also fostered discontentment and discord. Reactionaries, conservatives, liberals, radicals, and government officials battled against each other and among themselves. The keystone of the reforms was the emancipation of the serfs, which, by releasing roughly half the peasants from personal bondage while guaranteeing them land, cleared the way in principle for them to become small property owners and full citizens, able to participate without handicap in political life and in the market economy. In practice the emancipation edict stopped well short of doing that. We have seen that the provisions regarding land disappointed most peasants, leaving them with an abiding grievance. Furthermore, though no longer enserfed, they remained segregated in so-called village societies, usually the old village commune, which contained only peasants as members; priests, schoolteachers, medical orderlies and other people who happened to live in the village were excluded from membership. Peasants were bound to these village societies, which held their pass books, until they had paid in full for the land that they were allocated, in a redemption operation scheduled to take forty-nine years; during that time they could not mobilize their resources by selling their allotments or using them as a collateral to raise loans. They were subject to a legal system distinct from that introduced for the rest of the population, they were tried in segregated volost courts, and they were still liable to corporal punishment and to mutual responsibility. The volosti or cantons, the higher-level administrative unit encompassing several villages and perhaps a small town, likewise admitted peasants only to its assembly and its courts. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. 2On February 19, 1861, Alexander II signed the legislation into law. The new law was a political compromise between the interests of the nobles and those of the peasants and their supporters, and the government was unsure of the response of either side. The nearly 400 pages of statutes and annexes that made up the new law were terribly complex, but the emancipation provisions can be summed up as follows: The right of bondage over serfs was abolished forever (except in some outlying areas of the empire such as the Caucasus, where separate emancipation legislation came later. New arrangements regarding gentry-peasant relations and landholding were to be worked out in stages during the next few decades. Peasants who had previously farmed gentry land, as opposed to household serfs, were eventually to receive land, the exact amount to be determined by combinations of negotiation, government maximum and minimum norms for each province and the use of mediators. Most of this new land was to go to peasant communes, not directly to individual peasants. Landowners were to be compensated for their loss of lands by a combination of government notes and peasant payments. Peasants, unless they chose a free and miniscule beggars allotment, were obliged to repay the government with annual redemption payments spread over a 49 year period. Significance of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 Emancipation proved the first in a series of measures that Alexander produced as a part of a programme that included legal and administrative reform and the extension of press and university freedoms. But behind all these reforms lay an ulterior motive. Alexander II was not being liberal for its own sake. According to official records kept by the Ministry of the Interior (equivalent to the Home Office in Britain) there had been 712 peasant uprisings in Russia between 1826 and 1854. By granting some of the measures that the intelligentsia had called for, while in fact tightening control over the peasants, Alexander intended to lessen the social and political threat to the established system that those figures frighteningly represented. Above all, he hoped that an emancipated peasantry, thankful for the gifts that a bountiful tsar had given them, would provide physically fitter and morally worthier recruits for Russias armies, the symbol and guarantee of Russias greatness as a nation. There is a sense in which the details of Emancipation were less significant than the fact of the reform itself. Whatever its shortcomings, emancipation was the prelude to the most sustained programme of reform that imperial Russia had yet experienced (see the Timeline). There is also the irony that such a sweeping move could not have been introduced except by a ruler with absolute powers; it could not have been done in a democracy. The only comparable social change of such magnitude was President Lincolns freeing of the Negro slaves in 1865. But, as a modern Russian historian (Alexander Chubarov, The Fragile Empire, New York, 1999, p.75) has provocatively pointed out: the [Russian] emancipation was carried out on an infinitely larger scale, and was achieved without civil war and without devastation or armed coercion. Yet when that achievement has been duly noted and credited, hindsight suggests that emancipation was essentially a failure. It raised expectations and dashed them. Russia gave promise of entering a new dawn but then retreated into darkness. This tends to suggest that Alexander II and his government deliberately set out to betray the peasants. This was certainly the argument used by radical critics of the regime. It is important to consider, however, that land reform always takes time to work. It can never be a quick fix. Alexanders prime motive in introducing emancipation was undoubtedly the desire to produce results that were beneficial to his regime. But this is not to suggest that he was insincere in his wish to elevate the condition of the peasants. Where he can be faulted is in his failure to push reform far enough. The fact is that Alexander II suffered from the besetting dilemma that afflicted all the reforming tsars from Peter the Great onwards how to achieve reform without damaging the interests of the privileged classes that made up imperial Russia. It was a question that was never satisfactorily answered because it was never properly faced. Whenever their plans did not work out or became difficult to achieve, the Romanovs abandoned reform and resorted to coercion and repression. Emancipation was intended to give Russia economic and social stability and thus prepare the way for its industrial and commercial growth. But it ended in failure. It both frightened the privileged classes and disappointed the progressives. It went too far for those slavophiles in the court who wanted Russia to cling to its old ways and avoid the corruption that came with western modernity. It did not go far enough for those progressives who believed that a major social transformation was needed in Russia. There is a larger historical perspective. It is suggested by many historians that, for at least a century before its collapse in the Revolution of 1917, imperial Russia had been in institutional crisis; the tsarist system had been unable to find workable solutions to the problems that faced it. If it was to modernize itself, that is to say if it was to develop its agriculture and industry to the point where it could sustain its growing population and compete on equal terms with its European and Asian neighbors and international competitors, it would need to modify its existing institutions. This it proved unable or unwilling to do. Therein lies the tragedy of Emancipation. It is an outstanding example of tsarist ineptitude. Its introduction held out the possibility that Russia could build on this fundamentally progressive measure and modify its agricultural economy in such a manner as to cater for its vast population, which doubled to 125 million during the second half of the 19th century. But the chance was lost. So reduced was the peasant as an agricultural worker by 1900 that only half of his meagre income came from farming. He had to sustain himself by laboring. So much for Alexander IIs claim that he viewed the task of improving the condition of the peasants as a sacred inheritance to which he was honor bound. Immediate impact of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The immediate impact of the statute was much less dramatic than this longer-term picture might suggest, not least because of the economic terms and administrative arrangements under which the peasants were set free. These terms preserved, if in milder form, many of the obstacles to economic growth and social change characteristic of the pre-reform era. The principle of the statute was that the serfs would be emancipated with their household plots and an allotment of land, but that they should pay for this land. The amount of land made available to them to purchase should be approximately equivalent to the allotments they had been allowed to till for their own subsistence under serfdom. The government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government with redemption dues spread over a period of forty-nine years. In practice the peasantry allotments were significa ntly smaller than those they had used before emancipation; the cut offs withheld by landlords were particularly large in the fertile black-earth regions and were a source of intense and lasting bitterness. The price the peasants paid was artificially inflated to compensate the nobility for the dues in labor and cash, which they were losing. However unattractive the peasants found the terms of land redemption, they were compelled to transfer from the initial status of temporarily obligated tenants to outrights purchasers if their landlords insisted. On the other hand, where it suited the nobility to retain landownership, they could, until 1881, refuse to embark upon redemption at all. Negative Impacts on the serfs As was to be expected, the reaction to the emancipation manifesto was mixed. Many of the emancipated serfs were confused about the complex new statutes and disbelieving or disappointed when told they would have to make payments (for half a century) for land they received. Many peasants believed that the fault with evil officials and nobles who were frustrating the tsars real intentions. They thought that as soon as he overcame these troublemakers, new, more favorable, legislation would be forthcoming. Before the year was over, nobles reported more than 1000 disturbances, most of which required to quell. In the summer of 1861, alexander felt it necessary to admonish a delegation of peasants: There will be no emancipation expect the one I have granted you. Obey the law and statutes! Work and toil! Obey the authorities and noble landowners! The following selection is from the first edition of the Englishmans first-hand observations and reflections. 3It might be reasonably supposed that the serfs received with boundless gratitude and delight the manifestoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in reality the manifesto created among the peasantry a feeling of disappointment rather than delight. To understand this strange fact we must endeavor to place ourselves at the peasants point of view. In the first place it must be remarked that all vague rhetorical phrases about free labor, human dignity, national progress, and the like, which may be readily produce among educated men a certain amount of temporary enthusiasm, fall on the ears of the Russian peasant like drops of rain on a granite mark. Collectively the former serfs received less land than their pre-emancipation allotments. More than one-fourth of them received allotments insufficient to maintain their households-former serfs of polish landowners, especially after polish rebellion of 1863, and imperial and state peasants came off better. Overall the noble serf owners kept roughly two-fifth of their lands, whereas the ex-serfs, greatly outnumbering them, received the rest. And the peasants eventually paid more for their land than it was worth and received land less suitable than that retained by the owners. The economic impact on the peasantry of the settlement and the powers entrusted to the post-emancipation commune is, as we shall see, a matter of fierce controversy. Clearly, the phasing out of traditional dues removed the spectre of increased production being creamed off by the landlord, while peasant security was increased by the opportunity to buy the land. Peasants on crown lands and state peasants, liberated by the statutes of 1863 and 1866 on broadly similar terms to those of private serfs, were able to buy rather more land on better terms. Yet the peasantry as a whole remained in a position of extreme economic and political weakness. Advantaged households might briefly establish a privileged position within their own commune and rent land from the nobility on their behalf. But the containing practice of periodic communal redistribution of land, the heavy impositions of state, the vulnerability of even the most successful household to the vagaries of the climate-all provided major obstacles to the emergence of study yeomen. Most significant was the process by which peasants continued to divide the land of large households to set up new families in their own homes and merged plots which old age and death had rendered unviable. The overwhelming majority of peasants remained middle peasants who, despite gradual integration into the market and a slow rise in literacy, remained in large measure set apart form and subordinate to the world outside. The other Great Reforms of 1860s, affecting the judicial system, the press, and the universities, had little effect on the peasantry. They did gain a minority voice on the new local government bodies (zemstva) set up in 1864, but they tended to view them as an additional burden rather that as a vehicle for pursuit of their own interests. For the most part, their political leverage was still restricted to local instances of illegal resistance and spectre of mass disturbances. Amidst the dislocation of Crimean war and the uncertainty, which followed it, rural unrest had made a significant impact on government policy. Peasant protest had reached a level, which led Soviet historians to identify the period as Russian first revolutionary situation. Acute disappointments at being made to pay for the land they considered their own sparked widespread-an in places violent- protest between March and May 1861. But swift and drastic actions by the government succeeded in crushing resistance. Although below the surface tension remained high in the countryside at once refle cted in and fed by repeated rumors of an imminent real Emancipation the number of disturbances trailed off. Yet in the midst of these economic and cultural changes, the peasants gained no new outlets for their political aspirations. Other hand the Zemstvos (which had limited functions and powers), they had no institutions through which they could express their grievances and seek solutions to them. Even as they were beginning from below to bridge the gap between themselves and the empires elites, there was no sign of a civic nation, which they could join. For such a system to work, however, the peasants would have needed a sufficient amount of land or unrestricted opportunities to make money in non-agricultural employment. Neither desideratum was attained. While maximum and minimum norms were established for different zones, they were not always realized or adequate in all cases even when they were realized. The peasants often lost land, particularly in black earth region- in sartov and Samara more than 40 per cent of what they had previously worked. In such provinces, they were often forced by economic circumstances if not by law to continue working for their masters (otrabotka replacing barshchina in technical terms). In less fertile regions near the center and in the north, it is true, they often gained land, but here the obrok form of payment had long been more profitable for the landlords than labor services, and therefore land was not as important to the erstwhile masters as cash. Alternative View on The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The following selection is from the memoirs of Prince Peter Kropotkin, a student in the corps of pages in 1861 when a statute abolishing serfdom was enacted. I was in Nikolskoye in August 1861, and again in the summer of 1862, and I was struck with the quiet, intelligent way in which the peasants had accepted the new conditions. They knew perfectly well how difficult it would be to pay the redemption tax for the land, which was in reality an indemnity to the nobles in lieu of the obligations of serfdom. But they so much valued the abolition of their personal enslavement that they accepted the ruinous charges not without murmuring, but as a hard necessity the moment that personal freedom was obtainedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When I saw our Nikolskoye peasants, fifteen months after liberation, I could not but admire them. Their inborn good nature and softness remained with them, but all traces of servility had disappeared. They talked to their masters as equals talk to equals, as if they never had stood in different relations. Besides, such men came out from among them as could make a stand for their rights

My Interest in Law :: Law College Admissions Essays

My Interest in Law    My interest in reading law stems from an early exposure to the subject.   I sometimes accompanied my grandfather to courts and was quick to later on imitate the inquisitive, argumentative, critical as well as negotiating characters of lawyers.  Ã‚   Eventually, I decided I would become one.   My chosen subjects have always reflected this decision and in my years 10 and 11, I won the Best-in-History award, while being highly competitive in English Language and Literature, Government and Religious Studies.   At my A-Level stage, I thoroughly enjoy the research, analysis and writing that goes on in my chosen subjects of English Literature, Economics & Business Studies, Politics and Theology, most especially the latter two.    Securing a work experience placement with Withers Solicitors, London enabled me to interact with solicitors and gain an insight to various aspects of the legal profession such as will drafting and family law.   This increased my anxiety to study law.   During my last spring holiday (April 2001), I got a job working as a receptionist in Chalk Hill Heath Centre, Wembley, London.   Apart from the dignity of labour I gained from doing the work, the experience of working with a wide variety of patients including the obdurate has improved my communication skills.    My participation in the Model United Nations (MUN) conferences run by some schools in Europe and the USA has improved my debating skills, public speaking and helped me to cultivate the habit of researching as well as negotiating.   These qualities are essential in the study and practise of law.   In the Belfast 2001 MUN conference my delegation received the 'Commended Delegation' award due to our hardwork and team effort.      With my reputation as a morally upright student, I was appointed to the highly responsible post of Anglican Chapel Prefect of my school from May 1999 to June 2000 and my task included mobilising students to attend worship on Sundays, as well as assisting other school prefects to run the school. My good communication skills helped to elect me to the office of the Secretary-General of the Photography Club from September 1999 to June 2000, during which I was responsible for minuting meetings and organising club activities. I co-organised a successful Afro-Caribbean Night at my school last May by which we raised seven hundred pounds for Hope and Homes Charity Organisation.   At present I am a House Prefect.

Civil War Technology Essay

Many technological advancements were implemented during the Civil War. Some of these include the introduction of the ironclad to naval warfare. The use of the railroad to speed armies and supplies around the country, high speed communication via the telegraph, the use of rifles that would change tactical warfare forever and the introduction of new medical practices and ambulance corps. One of the major technological advancements brought on by the Civil War was the introduction of the Ironclad into battle. These new craft were mainly made by encasing wooden vessels with thick plates of steel. These new ships could repel enemy fire as well as ram inferior wooden ship into pieces. One such ship built by the confederates was the Virginia, â€Å"The Ironclad carried ten guns and an iron ram on her prow; she moved slowly and awkwardly, powered by the two old engines of the Merimack, and it took half an hour to turn her around. In the harbor of the Hampton Roads, the Virginia, on her first day at war, attacked five Union ships† (McFreely, 17) â€Å"Five Union ships containing 219 guns guarded the mouth of the James River at Hampton Roads but the fighting this day would make them obsolescent. What day-the worst in the eighty-six year history of the U.S. Navy. The Virginia sank two proud ships.† (McPherson, 375,376) The Confederates were not alone in the building of ironclad although not everyone shared in the enthusiasm of theses new ship† Secretary of navy Welles did not at first want to experiment with new fangled notions. But rumors of rebel activities caused Congress to force his hand with a law of August 3, 1861, directing the construction of three prototype ironclads.† (McPherson, 374) several designs were submitted but John Ericssons was the one the Navy department accepted. † Ericsson’s proposal incorporated several novel feature. A wooden hull sheathed with thin iron plate would be overlaid by a flat deck with perpendicular sides extending below the water line and protected by 4.5-inch armor plating. The propeller, anchor and all vital machinery would be protected by this shell. Sitting on the deck was Ericsson’s most important innovation: a revolving turret encased in eight inches of armor and containing two eleven-inch guns.† (McPherson, 374) This ship was named the Monitor, and while the Virginia reaped havoc at Hampton  Roads the Monitor was on her way to meet her. â€Å"On March 9, the Monitor arrived from Brooklyn, and the two strange ships blasted away at each other, the Monitor circling her opponent. The battle ended in a draw, but it changed naval warfare overnight by making wooden fleets obsolete.† (McFreely, 17) Other technologies that were heavily used during the war were the Railroad and telegraph. The railroads allowed for speed of troop movement and heavy artillery that could only be moved rail. The telegraph likewise sped communications between armies, field personnel, Washington, Richmond, ETC. In 1862 alone the US Patent Office issued over 240 military related patents. The monitor itself had 47 individual patents. Another innovative advancement in weaponry was the rifle. While these weapons were not new to the battle field recent advancements in bullet technology developed in the 1850s, by Claude E. Minie’ and improved upon by James H. Burton made the weapons more practical and cost effective. â€Å"At the beginning of the war both sides were armed chiefly with smoothbore muskets that had an effective range of about eighty yards and took about twenty five minutes to reload. But during 1862 Union soldiers were with new rifles that had spiral grooves cut in the barrels, and by 1863 nearly all infantrymen, Yankee and confederate carried these weapons. These rifles put a spin on the bullet, increasing its range and accuracy. These new rifles meant that assaulting infantrymen in close formation could be picked off with rifles at four hundred yards. The casualty cost for a frontal assault became tremendous.† (McFreely, 17) The impact of the rifle on the battlefield was huge. â€Å"One reason for the high casualties of the Civil War was the disparity between traditional tactics and modern weapons. The tactical legacy of the eighteenth-century and Napoleonic warfare had emphasized close order formations.† (McPherson, 473,474) Some other technological break through brought on by the war were the creation of The Sanitary Commission and improvements in army medical practices. â€Å"The Civil War marked a milestone in the transformation of  nursing from a menial service to a genuine profession. The war also produced important innovations in army medical practice. One such innovation was the creation of special ambulance corps for first aid treatment of the wounded and their evacuation to field hospitals. These non-combat medics risked their lives to reach the wounded in the midst of the battle and evacuate them as quickly as possible to surgeons’ stations and field hospitals. The ambulance corps became a model for European armies down to World War I.† (McPherson, 484,485) Sanitary conditions by our standard today were inhuman but at the time of the war they were a vast improvement from previous wars. â€Å"Diseases was a greater threat to the health of Civil War soldiers than enemy weapons. This had been true for every army in history. Civil war armies suffered comparatively less disease mortality then any previous army. While two soldiers died of disease for everyone killed in combat, the ratio for soldiers in the Napolonic and Crimean Wars had been Eight to one. Only by twentieth century standards was Civil War disease mortality high.† (McPherson, 487) In conclusion the Civil War saw the introduction of the ironclads which made all fighting vessels obsolete in a single afternoon of battle at Hampton Roads. The introduction of better medical practices and ambulance corps. The use of rifles which made the tactics of Napoleonic Warfare’s close order formation a suicide mission. This war also saw casualties on both sides in astronomical numbers due in no small part to the use of these new technologies. In the end the use of these new weaponry and technology would change how all wars there after would be fought. WORKS CITED McFreely, Mary Drake The Civil War Telecourse Study Guide. Virginia: EPM Publications, 1990. McPherson, James M.Battle Cry of Freedom New York,: Ballantine Books, 1989.